History of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Surgery

Obesity surgery as a separate field of medical science dates back to the middle of the last century. For the first two decades, the method of surgical treatment for overweight was small intestine bypass surgery aimed at reducing nutrient absorption (malabsorptive). However, a significant number of side effects gradually forced this group of procedures to be abandoned. Since the late 1960s and over the next two decades, techniques that restrict nutrient intake by reducing gastric volume (restrictive) began to be developed. During the same period of time, attempts began to combine malabsorptive and restrictive mechanisms of action in a single technique. By the beginning of the 90s, practically all currently used surgical options had been proposed. Minimally invasive surgical technologies were actively introduced during the same period. By the beginning of the 21st century all methods of surgeries in overweight were adapted to endovideosurgery. During the last decade intraluminal (endoscopic) methods of reducing gastric volume and nutrient absorption were developed.